Saline-induced changes of epicuticular waxy layer on the Puccinellia tenuiflora and Oryza sativa leave surfaces

BACKGROUND: The epicuticular waxy layer of plant leaves enhances the extreme environmental stress tolerance. However, the relationship between waxy layer and saline tolerance was not established well. The epicuticular waxy layer of rice (Oryza sativa L.) was studied under the NaHCO3 stresses. In addition, strong saline tolerance Puccinellia tenuiflora was chosen for comparative studies. RESULTS: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that there were significant changes in waxy morphologies of the rice epicuticular surfaces, while no remarkable changes in those of P. tenuiflora epicuticular surfaces. The NaHCO3-induced morphological changes of the rice epicuticular surfaces appeared as enlarged silica cells, swollen corns-shapes and leaked salt columns under high stress. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopic profiles supported that the changes were caused by significant increment and localization of [Na(+)] and [Cl(-)] in the shoot. Atomic absorption spectra showed that [Na(+)]shoot/[Na(+)]root for P. tenuiflora maintained stable as the saline stress increased, but that for rice increased significantly. CONCLUSION: In rice, NaHCO3 stress induced localization and accumulation of [Na(+)] and [Cl(-)] appeared as the enlarged silica cells (MSC), the swollen corns (S-C), and the leaked columns (C), while no significant changes in P. tenuiflora.

Use of palmae wax hydrocarbon fractions as chemotaxonomical markers in Butia and Syagrus / Uso de frações de hidrocarbonetos de palmeiras como marcadores quimiotaxonômicos em Butia e Syagrus

The wax hydrocarbon fractions of native Butia and Syagrus species collected from Palms in different regions of the of Rio Grande do Sul state (Brazil) and in Rocha (Uruguay) were analyzed to evaluate their potential as chemotaxonomic markers. The wax was extracted with chloroform and the resulting wax was fractionated by preparative TLC. The hydrocarbon fractions were analyzed by GC-MS. Statistical analyses were completed with the Statistica 5.0 program. The total crude wax yields averaged 0.31% w.w–1 dried leaves for Butia samples and 0.28% for Syagrus samples. The linear hydrocarbons represented on average 15% of the total waxes in the case of Butia samples and 13.7% in Syagrus samples. Hentriacontane and triacontane were the main components of all samples. The comparison of the means showed significant differences among Butia and Syagrus samples, and amongst Butia samples collected in different localities. In the case of the Syagrus collections no consistent groupings could be made. In the case of Butia samples the formation of three groupings could be observed, which were consistent with the species described for their geographical distribution. These results are discussed in the paper.

Frações de hidrocarbonetos das ceras de espécies nativas de Butia e Syagrus coletadas de palmeiras em diferentes regiões do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil) e em Rocha (Uruguai) foram analisadas para avaliar o seu potencial como marcadores quiomiotaxonômicos. As ceras foram extraídas com clorofórmio e fracionadas por TLC preparativo. As frações de hidrocarbonetos foram analisadas por CG-EM. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas com auxílio do programa Statistica 5.0. O rendimento total de cera das folhas secas foi de 0,31% g.g–1 para as amostras de Butia e de 0,28% para Syagrus. Os hidrocarbonetos lineares representaram em média 15 e 13% do total das ceras para Butia e Syagrus, respectivamente. Hentriacontano e triacontano foram os compostos majoritários em todas as amostras. A comparação de médias mostrou diferenças significativas entre as amostras de Butia e Syagrus e entre as amostras de Butia coletadas em diferentes localidades. As amostras de Syagrus não formaram agrupamentos relacionados com os locais de coleta. Já no caso de Butia, três agrupamentos puderam ser observados e são consistentes com a distribuição geográfica desta espécie. Estes resultados são discutidos no trabalho.

Water relations and leaf growth rate of three Agropyron genotypes under water stress

The effects of water stress on leaf water relations and growth are reported for three perennial tussock grass genotypes under glasshouse conditions. Studies were performed in genotypes El Palmar INTA and Selección Anguil of Agropyron scabrifolium (Dõell) Parodi, and El Vizcachero of A. elongatum (Host) Beauv. Agropyron scabrifolium El Palmar INTA is native to a region with warm-temperate and humid climate without a dry season, and an average annual precipitation of 900 mm. Agropyron scabrifolium Selección Anguil comes from a region with a sub-humid, dry to semiarid climate and a mean annual precipitation of 600 mm. Agropyron elongatum is a widespread forage in semiarid Argentina with well-known water stress resistance. A mild water stress treatment was imposed slowly; plants reached a minimum pre-dawn leaf water potential of about -1.83 MPa by day 21 after watering was withheld. In all genotypes, water stress led to a reduction of leaf growth. There was a tendency for a greater epicuticular wax accumulation on water-stressed plants of A. scabrifolium Selección Anguil and A. elongatum than on those of A. scabrifolium El Palmar INTA. This may have contributed to obtain greater turgor pressures and relative water contents in the first two than in the later genotype. In turn, this may have contributed to determine smaller leaf growth rate reductions in A. scabrifolium Selección Anguil and A. elongatum than in A. scabrifolium El Palmar INTA under water stress. This study demonstrated variation in water stress resistance between genotypes in A. scabrifolium, and between A. scabrifolium Selección Anguil and A. elongatum versus A. scabrifolium El Palmar INTA, which was related to their differential responses in water relations.

Efeito das alteraçöes da cera rosa n§ 7 na montagem de dentes / The effect of alterations of the base plate wax on the mounting of teeth

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar o efeito da alteraçäo da cera rosa n§ 7 em lâmina na montagem dos dentes. Foram utilizados materiais de três marcas comerciais, os quais foram submetidos a cinco experimentos em diferentes condiçöes de trabalho. Assim, foram utilizados: cera dura (sem aquecimento); plástica; fundida; combinaçäo de dura e plástica e de dura e fundida. As principais conclusöes foram: a cera rosa provoca alteraçöes na posiçäo dos dentes durante a montagem; as alteraçöes säo minimizadas quando o aquecimento é uniforme, sem atingir a temperatura de fusäo; as maiores alteraçöes ocorrem na regiäo dos molares, seguida da dos pré-molares e dos incisivos; as grandezas das alteraçöes variam conforme a marca da cera

Desarrollo de un método para obtener cera a partir del propoleos / Development of a method for obtaining wax from propolis

Se describe el desarrollo de un método a nivel de laboratorio para obtener cera a partir del propóleos mediante extracción con éter de petróleo 60-80oC y alcohol etílico clase C a partir del subproducto que queda después de obtenida la tintura del propóleos al 10 por ciento. Se obtuvo una cera con características fisicoquímicas similares a la cera de abejas

Epicuticular wax and water stress in Eragrostis curvala cultivars: I. Morphology and distribution

Se estudió la ultraestructura de la superficie foliar en seis cultivares de pasto llorón, Eragrostis curvula (Schrader) Nees, de diferente grado de tolerancia a la sequía. Mediante microscopía eletrónica de barrido se observó que los cultivares más tolerantes a dicho factor ambiental poseen una capa cerosa apicuticular abaxial más gruesa y compleja que los susceptibles. Por gravimetría se determinó también que en estos cultivares más tolerantes la cantidad total de cera es mayor. Se discute la relación entre la cantidad y distribución de la cera epicuticular y la resistencia a la sequía en esta especie

Epicuticular wax and water stress in Eragrostis curvula cultivars: II. Effect of water stress on the quantity and morphology of epicuticular wax

Se estudió el efecto del déficit hídrico sobre la cantidad, morfología y distribución de la cera epicuticular en dos cultivares de pasto llorón de diferente grado de tolerancia a la sequía. Mediante gravimetría y microscopía electrónica de barrido se encontró que la cantidad de cera epicuticular foliar aumentó luego que las plantas fueron sometidas a un régimen de sequía. Sin embargo, el contenido de cera epicuticular en plantas normalmente regadas de este cultivar es menor que en aquellas pertenecientes al cv. Don Eduardo, más resistentes al estrés hídrico. También se observó un cambio en la morfología de los cristales de cera en tal situación